Heads of Massina

Almamies of Massina

1818-1845: Seku Amadu
1845-1867: Amadu II
1867-1879: Ba Lobbo
1879-1893: Amadu II

-sees increasingly corrupt administration growing and lax observance of Islam

-grows a backlash

Mahdi of Massina

1893-1902: Ahmadu al-Kano †

-comes from a city in Sokoto

-observes Massina in particular as having degenerated in Islam after a hajj

-assembles an army, declares himself the Mahdi, and successfully overthrows the Almamy

-engages in a huge period of war in expansion

-initial expansion westwards towards United States of Fredonia with a war that ends with initial victory

-but Fredish Presidents > 1889-1912 Leonard Butler (Constitutional) † successfully defeats it in gigantic battle at Musardu and chops it into pieces through modern repeater guns

-gets tribute from Kong and agreements for it to follow stricter Islam

-afterwards, decides to go to war in the Mossi states

-war is initial success and they are conquered with state increasingly diverting southwards

-even fights in Dagbon in smashing battles and he hopes to conquer the Ashanti

-however, when crushing a rebellion in the Mossi areas, he suffers a wound which gets infected

-he dies from it

Caliphs of Massina

1902-1923: Said al-Kano

-with the ensuing power dispute his son gets control of main territory

-however, Timbuktu falls to Tuareg

-and his main general declares a new country in Moogho

-engages in state-building in reaction to Fredonia's victory