-comes from Electrodynamics

-Joseph Henry, following his discovery of induction (Electrodynamics > ^d5a89a), develops a telegraph in 1831 with an "intensity" magnet

-and by 1835 develops a relay

-develops it more and more over, including something very much like Morse's repeater

-works with people more interested in telegraph

-develops code for transmitting messages through bell sounds, later clicks

-by 1840, Princeton presents it to Congress, and gets funding to build line from NY to Philly (started in 1846)

-first message sent in 1847

-invention sold to Congress, allows for establishment of nationalized telegraph system

-subsequently Henry works at (National University of the United States of America > Smithsonian Institution) and works on stuff there as well

-Gauss and Weber look at Henry's invention and make their own telegraph

-in University of Gottingen, they make needle telegraph

-however, political prosecutions, competition with semaphore (tensions with French Republic mean a lot more of them in Germany), limit adoption

-authorities adapt system for wartime use

-in general, because Europe here is divided b/w republican and monarchist blocs, semaphore gets adopted more due to issues of nat'l security

-when electrical telegraphy gets widespread, due to semaphore, instead it's adapted so it looks very much like foy-breguet telegraph

-also, dial telegraph sees more popularity here but foy-breguet is way way more popular

-in 1860s spread of simpler Henry Code to Europe begins, but takes until 1885 in int'l congress for adoption of internationalized form of Henry Code

-era of making insulant out of India rubber begins in 1840s

-with only partial success as cables often fail

-and an attempt at a cable from Ireland to Wales established in 1853 fails in 1859

-another attempt from Calais to Dover erected in 1858 fails in 1864

-also without Faraday, Leyden jar effect of telegraph wire not discovered, which means that these lines have very low bandwidth

-calorization [vulcanization]only discovered in 1871 and this is what makes India rubber used as insulant viable

-Balata is natural rubber, very good for undersea telegraph cables

-without British Singapore existing here and no Faraday, no fortuitous discovery of insulating properties of gutta-percha so early and instead they look at something else

-instead properties of balata being natural rubber almost identical to gutta-percha result in it being used for that purpose in 1853 by French guy experimenting with Caribbean imports, sees it's a massive success

-with the US having erected telegraph lines to Port Townsend by 1859, talk of erecting line across Bering Strait

-helped by extreme difficulty of submarine cables, this wouldn't be much submarine cabling and if necessary ships can send messages

-Russia has already been laying down fuckton of cable all the way across Siberia, gets to Bering Strait in 1865

-while US sends cables across Columbia from Port Townsend to Russian Alaska by 1867, allowing for much quicker communication in matter of hours (near-instant other than voyage across Bering Strait)

-with this being shortened even more to near-instant when submarine cable laid across Bering Strait in 1872

-this is very important during Liberty and Union War (1868-76) as allows for quick news to come to and from Europe

-during Russia's Wars > Second Circassian War (1872-5), still uninterrupted but brings about talk of other cables

-and following end of Liberty and Union War (1868-76) talk of submarine cable from Wrangell to Port Townsend, gets built in 1882

-through Queen Charlotte Islands

-inspires American commercial presence in Alaska, which also kicks off Klondike Gold Rush and formation of Columbia-Alaska Confederation > Republic of Alaska

-era of laying down submarine cable truly begins

-lays down reliable cable from Calais to Dover in 1867

-over 1870s cables erected across Mediterranean, Red Sea

-British Isles builds telegraph lines from Australia to Penang (figure out how - Bencoolen?) to Madras to Bombay to Egypt

-French Republic telegraph in similar year span from New Holland to Batavia to Malacca to Ceylon to Mascarene Islands to Persia to Levant to Constantinople to Paris

-and another one from Laurent Marques to Cape Colony to Republic of Angola to Lagos to Cape Verde

-eventually in 1880s connects Mascarene Islands to Laurent Marques through Merina Kingdom

-and in 1884 transatlantic telegraph line laid from Newfoundland to Ireland

-following Batavian Republic breaking its alliance w/ France, France forced to renovate its network

-in late 1880s and early 1890s cable laid through Bali through Johor's Riau Islands to Manila (Philippine Republic) and Taiwan

-another from Cape Verde to France and Cape Verde also has links to Guadeloupe

-has legacy today in diff cable network, which also delineates diff Analyzers networks (Networking)

-from Britain to Ireland

-from Ireland to Newfoundland, Commonwealth of Cabotia

-from Nova Scotia, Commonwealth of Cabotia to Bermuda

-from Bermuda to Barbados

-from Barbados to Ascension Island to St. Helena

-from St. Helena to Natal, Republic of Six United South African States (Auralia)

-from St. Genevieve, Columbia-Alaska Confederation to Republic of Hawaii

-as a major junction

-from Republic of Haiti to New Munster, Republic of Australia

-from French Republic proper to St. Pierre and Miquelon

-from French Republic proper to Mascara

-from French Republic proper to Egypt

-Egypt taken over

-from Egypt to Masoua

-Masoua a port which French are able to take over

-from St. Pierre and Miquelon to Portland, United States of America

-from St. Pierre and Miquelon to St. Martin

-links France to its Caribbean areas

-from St. Martin to Martinique to Tobago

-linking together the entire French Caribbean

-from Tobago to French Guiana

-from French Guiana to Salvador, Bahian Republic

-Bahian Republic having been established as a French ally though not as much today

-from Martinique to Cape Verde

-from Cape Verde to Republic of Lagos

-from Republic of Lagos to Luanda, Republic of Angola

-from Luanda, Republic of Angola to Ste. Lucie, Zulu Empire

-from Ste. Lucie, Zulu Empire to Laurent Marques, Republic of Six United South African States (Auralia)

-from Laurent Marques, Republic of Six United South African States (Auralia) to Mascarene Republic

-Mascarene islands being a very prominent telegraph hub

-from Mascarene Republic to Karachi, Punjabi Republic

-from Mascarene Republic to Mahe, French India

-from Mahe, French India to Karikal, French India to Pondicherry, French India

-from Pondicherry, French India to Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam

-Aceh being a pretty big part of French colonial system

-from Mascarene Republic to Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam

-from Mascarene Republic to Republic of New Holland

-from Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam to Sultanate of Johor Darul Tazim

-Johor trying very hard to play every colonial power together

-from Sultanate of Johor Darul Tazim to Zamboanga, Philippine Republic and Manila, Philippine Republic

-Philippines is part of French colonial system

-from Philippine Republic to Taiouanefou, Formosan Republic

-Formosan Republic being part of French colonial system

-from Sultanate of Johor Darul Tazim to Federation of Bali

-from Federation of Bali to Lorient, Republic of New Holland

-from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok

-ambitious project accomplished in the 1860s, finished in 1865, after long work and large balata and gutta-percha imports

-connects to Pacific network

-from Mednovtsy, Columbia-Alaska Confederation to Port Townsend, United States of America

-gets to 1867

-allows for communication between the area

-from Vladivostok to Mednovtsy, Columbia-Alaska Confederation

-constructed in 1872

-helps quicken communication because now people don't have to ship telegraph messages across the border

-Balata

-discovered in 1855 as part of attempts to find material for submarine telegraphy

-quickly becomes the material of the telegraph industry because it's really good at insulating underwater

-United States of Italy buys Saint-Barthelemy to get a leg into the industry

-Gutta-percha

-discovered very soon after discovery of balata because it's very similar

-helps create a scramble for the east indies

-India rubber

-can only be used following discovery of calorization in 1871